Perceptions and Narratives about Psychosocial Impacts Following the 2021 Flooding and Citizen’s Displacement in Belgium: a Qualitative Interview Study

Background: Climate change poses one of the most urgent challenges for communities affected by natural disasters, causing not only physical destruction but also profound psychosocial impacts. The 2021 floods in Belgium were among the country’s most devastating natural disasters. Over 200 municipalities were affected, tens of thousands of lives disrupted, and many communities faced immense loss and uncertainty. This study examines the psychosocial impact of and response to the 2021 floods in Belgium’s Vesder Valley.

Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with 2 affected citizens and 20 frontline disaster responders on personal experiences and challenges of the disaster and the organization of the psychosocial response. We inductively coded and identified recurring themes and categorized them based on participants’ shared experiences and perspectives.

Results: Three key themes emerged: (1) High prevalence of psychosocial distress, including symptoms of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) reported by both affected residents and frontline disaster responders; (2) Recovery influenced by socioeconomic disparities, with low-income individuals facing greater obstacles due to lack of insurance coverage and financial instability; and (3) Significant gaps in disaster preparedness and response systems, evidenced by poor inter-agency coordination, slow delivery of emergency aid, and widespread public dissatisfaction with the effectiveness of formal humanitarian assistance.

Conclusion: This study highlights that psychosocial support in post-disaster recovery cannot be addressed in isolation. It must be integrated with efforts to resolve financial burdens, housing insecurity, and lack of insurance, by combining preparedness, material assistance, and accessible mental health care tailored to local realities.